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2020), and the Post-Traumatic Growth Framework (PTG) (Tedeschi and Calhoun 1996). Importantly, the potential reversible nature of epigenetic modifications suggests that these trauma-induced epigenetic effects are not necessarily permanent and that improvements in environmental conditions could reduce the high prevalence of poor health among historically disadvantaged communities.ĭevelopmental programming Embodiment Epigenetics Health disparities Historical trauma Indigenous health Intergenerational effects Intergenerational trauma.Ĭopyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. This concept is derived from the integration of the historical trauma framework (Brave Heart 1998 Walters et al. Taken together, these pathways can provide insight into the higher rates of adverse health outcomes among individuals from populations that have historically endured collective trauma. The second pathway posits that poor health can occur through intergenerational epigenetic modifications in response to parental and grandparental trauma or stressor exposures. The first pathway suggests that personal exposure to trauma or stressors, which are more common among populations that have experienced historical trauma, can induce epigenetic modifications that can contribute to the development of poor health. This article argues for a shift in the conceptualisation of child trauma recovery programme efficacy studies in occupied Palestine. In this paper, we present a cumulative, two pathway model that describes how historical trauma can impact health in contemporary generations. This article will review the conceptual framework of historical trauma, current efforts to measure the impact of historical trauma upon emotional distress, and research as well as clinical innovations aimed at addressing historical trauma among American Indians/Alaska Natives and other Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. However, the biological pathways through which historical trauma actually impacts health have been unclear. The theory of historical trauma, which argues that a collective trauma experienced by one generation can negatively impact the wellbeing of future generations, is a potential framework to understand the adverse health outcomes seen among populations with histories of subjugation. Despite their unique histories, environments, and lifestyles, historically subjugated populations consistently show poorer health outcomes compared to the general population.